Saturday, November 8, 2014

Post 6 - Political Correctness and Race



While mass immigration gives rise to many genuine economic and social concerns, there is something about discussion of the topic that generates a sense of unease. This underlying issue is a sensitive one and requires a great deal of attention. Focusing on the economic impacts and social ramifications of foreign immigration into “white” nations is inevitably seen by many as an attempt to distract from the role race plays in the debate. Critics of mass immigration in the politically correct Western nations are often dismissed as racist or xenophobic in their intent. While no one can deny that this is indeed the case for some extremist groups, it still presents a sort of ethical dilemma regarding freedom of speech and how issues of race should be addressed in society.
 With the best of intentions, many European parliaments have resorted to passing several “anti-hate” laws to combat those who seek to incite violence against any specific group of people. This came about in the wake of the Second World War as leaders of the new European Union set out on a project of “purging Europe’s individual countries of nationalism.” This effort was largely successful and patriotic rhetoric became increasingly exclusive to radical rightwing hooligan types. Speaking out in defense of cultural heritage or expressing doubts about the benefits of introducing multiculturalism into a society is tantamount to heresy and can even be punished as a crime. However, as time goes on, more and more people are failing to be convinced by “political correctness.” Champions of politically correct thinking often take stances that more and more citizens find utterly ridiculous. Caldwell gives the examples of Dutch groups campaigning against traditional Christmas narratives and Christians being arrested for citing biblical arguments against homosexuality. Caldwell goes on to claim that “a new, uncompromising ideology was advancing under cover of its own ridiculousness – not as the Big Lie of legend, perhaps, but as something similarly ominous that might be called the Big Joke. As anyone could see, its advance was also accompanied by intimidation and fear.”
I would argue that the obligation that post war Europeans felt they had to create a more universal and less chauvinistic society was, at its core, a good thing. However, any type of value system is a product of the cultural characteristics of the people themselves. A ruling establishment can only maintain such a value system if the people see it as legitimate. Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli might comment that legitimacy can be acquired through the good will of citizens or taken by violent force. According to the gospel of Matthew, the legitimacy of a worldview can be determined by examining its results. Matthew warns us “Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves…. A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. Therefore by their fruits you will know them.” Many in Europe are beginning to see the worsening economic and social situation as a sign that the politically correct values of the EU establishment might not deserve their endorsements. This backlash against the current regime can be seen in the rise of populist rightwing political parties and the growing fame of revisionist figures like Vladimir Putin.
Those who criticize mass immigration, at least the more outspoken critics, tend to fall on the right side of the political spectrum. Groups like the Golden Dawn in Greece as well as ultra-rightwing groups across Europe make no qualms about the relationship between race and their opposition to the influx of foreigners. This moral stance caused me to investigate the biblical stance of ethno-nationalism.
While reading an article by David Opperman titled “A Biblical Defense of Ethno-Nationalism,” I discovered that the Greek word used to describe nations in scripture was ethnos – from which we get the word ethnicity. Opperman goes on to write that “raceless or tribeless societies become decadent due to anonymity and loss of patriarchal authority, which is inevitable in these regimes. When people forget their ancestors they will not regard their children and future descendants!” Apparently the bible doesn’t provide any normative ethical opposition to the concept of ethno-nationalism as the foundation of a state. Several books frequently emphasize the ethnic identity of Israel and all other nations. A major claim Opperman makes in his conclusion is that “The foundation of a Biblical nation as defined in the Table of Nations is derived from common ancestry, common religion, common history, and common customs, and mutually possessed ideas and values will be built upon this foundation.”
As I stated in my previous post, I believe that all of the natural diversity of life is all part of the same creation that embodies the will of God. I think it is a great tragedy that history has linked nationalism, a force that has the potential for so much good in the world, with chauvinism and racism. Pride in one’s ancestry, history and traditions can be used to encourage social harmony within a nation while providing a sense of security that promotes mutual understanding between nations.

Saturday, November 1, 2014

Christian Hospitality and the Decline of Native European Populations


In October of 2013, a 66 foot long fishing boat filled with over 500 migrants left Libya and headed for port in Italy. As the ship neared the island of Lampedusa, the engine gave out and the ship began to sink. The boat eventually capsized and upwards of 360 people lost their lives before the Italian rescue mission could arrive. Reports indicated that the people on board had each paid around $3,000 to be smuggled across the Mediterranean and onto the European mainland. Since January of this year, 3,000 people are reported to have drowned attempting to reach Europe. This event was yet another in a long line of similar tragedies that inspired the Italian government to increase efforts to save migrants. Since its implementation, operation “Mare Nostrum” has spent $11 million a month or about $114 million in total. The operation has successfully saved the lives of around 100,000 people crossing over the sea into Italy.  This operation was taken up by the Italian government without the aid of the EU and was only intended to be a short term answer to the issue. The end of that program has arrived. Italy has decided to cut the program as the number of new arrivals from across the sea reaches record levels.
This piece of news caused me to reflect on the meaning of hospitality and the ethical issue faced by European governments in dealing with tragic loss of life of unwanted migrants seeking to enter the countries illegally. How might the bible be used to inform ones thinking about the meaning of Christian hospitality and how hospitality in accepting refugees might be different from accepting new permanent citizens at the potential expense of the whole nation? These topics became part of American conversations in the face of the tens of thousands of children who walked to the United States over the summer. A major ethical concern, other than what happens to illegal immigrants once they arrive, is the risks they must face along their journeys to their destinations. Is there an ethical solution to control immigration while still combating illegal and dangerous trafficking gangs? In the Italian case mentioned above, it seems that humanitarian aid to those already in the water does not only fail to address the greater issue of incessant migration from places like Africa and the Middle East, it even encourages migrants to seek passage in potentially dangerous conditions with the knowledge that they will likely be rescued by the European authorities.
Caldwell quotes two passages from the Bible to describe the Christian tradition of hospitality. Leviticus 19:33-34 commands that one should care for strangers and treat them “as one born among you.” In Matthew 25:31-46, the consequences of rejecting travelers in need are made clear. With these passages in mind, it seems clear that the answer to the ethical question of accepting refugees and migrants is obvious. Good Christians should take these people in and care for them as their own. Caldwell comments that “hospitality is meant to protect travelers in hostile territory; it is not meant to give large groups of visitors – who may include militants, freeloaders, and opportunists – the run of the place.” As I mentioned in the previous summary posts, Immigrants to Europe were initially welcomed by the native population. After their history during and after World War Two, Europeans felt an strong sense of responsibility to aid political refugees from war-torn nations. Caldwell calls this the “reflexive courtesy accorded guests. Immigrants stayed long enough to lose their ritualized role as ‘guests.’”
I would argue, and Caldwell seems to agree, that, rather than being a blessing that nations actively seek to attain, diversity can be a strain on the cohesion of a society. Natural human compassion drives people to tolerate those that are different from themselves, but it does not always cause people to fully accept or trust outsiders. Caldwell cites the work of Harvard sociologist Robert Putnam, claiming that “people living under conditions of ethnic diversity ‘hunker down.’ They trust their neighbors less and are less inclined to devote their money to common or social causes.” While a biblical argument could be made that Christians should be above such tendencies, the empirical evidence seems to suggest that an excess of tolerance in allowing for mass influx of people from different cultures could hinder the process of building real Christian communities. Rather than encouraging communities to become more accepting of outsiders, growth of minority populations causes civil strife and mistrust. As we discussed in class, being equal and one in Christ does not necessarily mean that everyone must be exactly the same. Male and female are both equals, but they have different functions and play different roles in the unfolding of Gods plan for humanity. I believe the same is true for the different ethnic human populations. Each group contributes its cultural heritage to the human story and the loss of a single culture should be regarded as a tragedy. This brings me to the main issue of mass immigration into Europe in Caldwell’s book. Low birthrates in western nations combined with the influx of foreign migrants with higher birthrates both in their host countries and globally could change the character of European society. European culture is in danger of being fundamentally altered and therefore is under threat of a being lost.
The following is an excerpt from a previous class assignment of mine regarding the aging population in Europe:
In 1950 there were around 2.5 billion people living on the planet. After 60 years, that number has soared to over 7 billion. In 2012, the birthrate in China was 12.31 and 20.6 in India. Demographers estimate that the total count of humans will reach 9.1 billion by 2050 (European Commission ). However, this growth of population has not been evenly distributed to all regions of the world. Up to 95% of the population growth by 2050 will come from today’s developing countries. While the populations of all other parts of the world have been increasing and are projected to keep rising, European nations are experiencing a fall in their numbers. In 2011, 5.9 million babies were born in the EU which is a birthrate of only 1.59. A minimum population growth rate of 2.1 is required to prevent a nation from becoming extinct without migration (European Commission ).  People in Europe are also living longer. On average, Europeans are living decades longer than their predecessors. A combination of a low birthrate and an increased life expectancy leads to a population that is aging and shrinking. The EU population is expected to drop 14% from 729 million to 628 million. This decrease will cause a loss of 25% of the working age population while the number of elderly will increase from 101 million to 173 million over the next 50 years (Bermingham). Europe is facing a demographic crisis that will force EU governments to rework their extensive welfare systems and immigration policies to accommodate for a large increase of retirement age workers with fewer young people paying into social security. Current pay-as-you-go style pension systems that rely on a constant source of public income will face the problem of an aging population. More people will reach pension age without a sustainable amount of new contributors. By 2050 in Europe, the number of working age individuals will drop from four for every person above 65 years of age to only two. The annual average growth rate of the EU-25 GDP will fall from the 2004-2010 rates of 2.4% to 1.2% for the years 2030-2050 (European Commission ).
This decline in birthrates seems to have a correlation to the rise of the sexual revolution that took place in western nations. While this is not necessarily the ethical issue I’m focusing on in this section, it is interesting to note the impact of changing notions of gender roles on population growth patterns.  In class we mentioned the potential impact of pornography on birthrates. While this might be a contributing factor, especially in Japan, I believe the effects of changing opportunities and lifestyles of women are the main factors.  Marriage does not provide the level of security it did in the past and it is becoming less frequent in general. Changing ideas about the purpose of marriage and relationships in general have caused westerners to delay starting a family with children, opting in favor of more casual relationships and protected sexual intercourse.